Data crawling refers to the automated process of acquiring and storing web information, with data crawlers being one of its most widely used forms. The “webpage acquisition”—”webpage filtering”—”webpage storage” method of crawling, along with data transactions, often involves breaches of contract, infringements, unfair competition disputes, and other compliance-related legal risks. When courts handle such cases, they have generally adopted the Anti-Unfair Competition Law as the legal basis for regulating data crawling and its subsequent applications, achieving widespread legal consensus. In assessing the scope of unfair competition behavior, the judicial community has widely accepted a moderate extension of the criteria for identifying competitive relationships, and more cases are being adjudicated under the second article of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law. Courts generally use the Anti-Unfair Competition Law as the legal framework when reviewing data crawling behavior, while also emphasizing the balancing of multiple interests. At the same time, challenges arise in case rulings regarding the identification of competitive relationships, damage caused by competition, and the determination of business ethics, which necessitate the optimization of existing criteria and the introduction of new standards to enhance their recognizability and operability. Furthermore, when applying the general provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, judicial difficulties arise, calling for a return to the competitive law nature, achieving a regulatory model under dynamic competition, and introducing economic analysis standards to enhance the predictability of business ethics judgments.

With the rapid advancement of the times, global competition is no longer confined to the domains of economy, politics, and military affairs; the significance of culture and education has grown substantially. In recent years, China has increasingly prioritized the construction of world-class universities. In 2022, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance, and the National Development and Reform Commission of China jointly issued the Opinions on Deepening the Advancement of World-Class Universities and First-Class Disciplines, emphasizing that the development of world-class universities and disciplines is a major strategic decision made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council. Against this backdrop, Chinese universities, while pursuing academic excellence and internationalization, also bear the crucial responsibility of promoting social equity and justice. Among these responsibilities, ensuring educational equity for individuals with disabilities is not only a manifestation of social progress but also an essential aspect of universities fulfilling their social obligations. This study, based on research conducted at special education schools in Chang’an District, Xi’an, analyzes the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in accessing higher education in China. It proposes targeted recommendations to promote inclusive education in universities, accelerate the development of special education systems, and support educational equity for students with disabilities.

Soft power helps countries to enhance their international influence in the era of globalisation through non-hard means such as culture, values and education. It not only enhances a country's capacity for diplomatic cooperation and promotes understanding and friendship among different countries, but also attracts outstanding talents from around the world and promotes scientific and technological innovation and economic development. By shaping a positive national image and reputation, soft power enables a country to occupy a favourable position in international affairs and promote the resolution of global issues, thereby enhancing its overall competitiveness. This study uses China's unilateral visa waiver for South Korea as a case study to explore China's use of soft power tools to adjust its policy towards South Korea. At the international level, China urgently needs to draw South Korea in to maintain the strategic balance in Northeast Asia against the backdrop of intensifying competition between China and the United States; domestically, China urgently needs to boost domestic demand, stimulate consumption, and boost its economy in the aftermath of the pandemic. Although this initiative can help improve China's international image, there is also the risk of facing the impact of South Korea's reverse soft power.

The process of children language acquisition and relevant influence factors has attracted researchers and academician’s attention due to its implications for speech therapy and neurolinguistics. The process of children’s first language acquisition is a dynamic and complicated experience that involves multiple stages. This review examines these stages while considering the impact of language environment. Furthermore, it compares and contrasts research findings on children raised in monolingual and multilingual environments to analyze key influencing factors. The findings suggest that the multilingual environment is shaping the better cognitive and social-interactional development for kids, which make their language performance outstanding compared with monolingual kids. For filling the research gap in this region, the discussion part of this review explored the relationship between linguistic learning and socioeconomic status (SES). This paper also underscores a high SES background is having a positive impact on kid’s language development. This study focused on the background and psychological factors during language acquisition, which provide meaningful reference for further research in this field.

This study aims to explore the relationship between stress perception levels and depressive tendencies in daily life and further investigate the role of self-esteem in this relationship. The questionnaire survey method was adopted in this research. The Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were used to collect data, and statistical analysis was performed on 188 valid questionnaires. The research results show that there is a significant positive correlation between stress perception levels and depressive tendencies. That is, the more stress an individual perceives, the higher their depressive tendency. In addition, there is a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and depressive tendencies, indicating that individuals with higher self-esteem levels have lower depressive tendencies. However, after controlling for the age factor, the impact of stress on depressive tendencies remains significant, while the impact of self-esteem on depressive tendencies does not reach a significant level. This study further emphasizes the importance of stress management in preventing depression and proposes that future research should focus on the impact of psychological resilience and social support networks of different groups on depressive tendencies.

By investigating the impact of patent-oriented approaches on fostering the scientific research and innovation capabilities of college students, this study reveals the intrinsic connection between these two aspects. In the context of the knowledge economy era, patent orientation serves as a crucial tool for driving scientific and technological innovation and facilitating the transformation of achievements, which holds great significance for enhancing the scientific research and innovation capabilities of college students. Through a systematic analysis of the current state of college students' scientific research and innovation capabilities, several issues have been identified, including an incomplete scientific research and innovation education system, insufficient patent awareness among students, and inadequate construction of scientific research and innovation platforms. Based on these findings, specific cultivation strategies are proposed, such as improving the scientific research and innovation education system, strengthening the cultivation of patent awareness, constructing robust scientific research and innovation platforms, and reinforcing practical scientific research and innovation experiences. Combined with the aforementioned analysis, the effectiveness and feasibility of these strategies in enhancing students' scientific research and innovation capabilities are validated. The research results demonstrate that the patent-oriented approach to cultivating scientific research and innovation capabilities can significantly stimulate students' innovative enthusiasm, enhance their scientific research and innovation capabilities, and lay a solid foundation for their future scientific research and career development.

Virtual streamers (Vtuber) refer to content creators who conduct activities on video websites in the form of virtual avatars. Based on motion capture technology (mainly facial capture) and the combination with 2D or 3D character models, real people can hide behind the screen and perform with virtual avatars and voices. In the early stage, Vtuber mainly produced videos, but later shifted to live-streaming content such as games, chats, singing, and collaborations to attract fans and eventually monetize through "merchandise", paid subscriptions, and donations. The emergence of the virtual streamer cultural phenomenon and the development of related industries have contextually shaped new ways of connection and interaction among media, society, and individuals. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the social significance construction behind the behaviors of virtual streamer cultural participants. This article uses virtual ethnography as the research method to study the characteristics of virtual streamer content production, interactive communities, and value monetization. The research finds that "meaning construction" occupies a hidden main line in the activities of virtual streamers and is one of the driving forces for viewers to pay and participate in the re-creation cyber community. Virtual streamers use short-term live streaming and long-term "re-creation" community construction to combine short-term and long-term fan attraction and retention. In this process, the relationship between virtual streamers and viewers has also changed with the commercialization and systematization of the virtual streamer industry.

With the acceleration of urbanisation in China, the number of left-behind children has surged, and their mental health problems have become a social issue of great concern. Based on parenting care theory, attachment theory, emotion regulation theory, and psychological capital theory, this paper deeply discusses the theoretical mechanisms of left-behind children's psychological and behavioral problems. It conducts a case study of the Handan left-behind children's bullying incident and Deer Dawson's suicide incident. It is found that left-behind children generally face problems such as insufficient parenting care, insecure attachment relationships, weak emotional regulation ability, and low levels of psychological capital due to long-term parental absence. These problems lead to a significant increase in their emotional disorders, behavioral problems, and mental health risks. This paper proposes intervention strategies at three levels—national policy, educational institutions, and individual emotional growth—to establish a scientific framework for mental health interventions for left-behind children and to foster their overall well-being.

Public distrust and doubts about policy efficacy and governance capabilities are always of concern to policy-makers; opinion surveys are needed desperately to find out why, for a better communication pattern. Discussions around environmental problems such as the smog in Beijing are no exception. Based on rounds of surveys and interviews with Beijing residents, this study finds: (1) Those participants who ascribed the main cause to the surrounding industrial pollution tended to become very active in speculating on the reasons why car emission has been prioritized at the top of the policy agenda; (2) One trait dimension of the smog anxiety can play a mediating role in their buildup of such distrust and doubts. Its implication reiterates the necessity of making public policy motives and/or considerations available to the public to reduce misunderstandings and build mutual trust.

Cyberbullying, as a new form of violence, has occurred frequently in cyberspace in recent years, severely affecting the normal lives of the victims and disrupting the order of cyberspace. The “Liu Xuezhou Case” is a typical incident of cyberbullying, where many netizens, without understanding the facts, engaged in verbal attacks, malicious speculations, and privacy exposure against Liu Xuezhou based solely on one-sided statements. Existing civil and administrative measures are insufficient in regulating cyberbullying, while criminal law, as the last line of defense in social governance, should play its proper role. This paper analyzes the concept, characteristics, and harm of cyberbullying, uses the “Liu Xuezhou Case” to examine the current situation and challenges of criminal regulation of cyberbullying, and proposes specific paths to improve criminal regulation. The goal is to provide useful references for effectively curbing the phenomenon of cyberbullying.