This essay examines whether the abolition of Doli Incapax in England and Wales is compatible with the developmental logic of juvenile justice. Before 1998, Doli Incapax functioned as a legal safeguard and required the prosecution to prove that a child aged between ten and fourteen understood that their actions were seriously wrong, rather than only naughty. This reflected a developmental approach that recognised children's limited cognitive capacity. The essay argues that the abolition of the doctrine in 1998 marked a significant shift towards a more punitive, simplified system, in which criminal responsibility is determined primarily by age rather than individual understanding. By analysing legal cases, academic commentary, and policy debates, the essay demonstrates that this change was influenced by political pressure and societal concerns about youth crime rather than developments in child psychology. The findings suggest that the current system risks holding children criminally responsible at an age when their decision-making abilities are still developing. While procedural safeguards and sentencing adjustments remain, they do not fully compensate for the loss of a substantive defense such as Doli Incapax. Overall, the essay concludes that the abolition is only partially compatible with the developmental principles of juvenile justice and raises important questions about fairness, responsibility, and the purpose of the youth justice system.

The linguistic landscape (LL) paradigm, traditionally grounded in urban public-space analysis, has increasingly been extended to rural contexts as China advances from the "Beautiful Countryside" initiative to the "Harmonious and Beautiful Countryside" (和美乡村) policy framework. This survey proposes a "normativity×functional adaptation×spatial balance×community participation" four-dimensional evaluation framework, benchmarked against the Landry and Bourhis information/symbolic-function distinction, and applies it to the rural linguistic landscape of Henan Province. Through a systematic review of the literature from 2018 to 2026, we construct a four-pillar strategy system encompassing top-level design, categorized optimization by sign type, typical village case plans, and multi-dimensional safeguard mechanisms. The categorized optimization pillar proposes differentiated strategies for five sign types, shifting the operational logic from standardized deployment to differentiated empowerment. The case-study pillar reveals a contrastive gradient of optimization priorities across tourism-driven, agriculture-dominated, and culture-heritage villages. The survey identifies three critical research gaps: the absence of rural-specific LL evaluation indicators, the scarcity of large-scale quantitative and longitudinal evidence, and the unclear integration of digital technology with community participation.

In recent years, China has launched pilot programs for the personal bankruptcy system in cities such as Shenzhen, Wenzhou, and Xiamen. This institutional innovation not only offers a fresh start to "honest but unfortunate" debtors, but also plays a significant role in addressing difficulties in enforcement and maintaining social and economic stability. Taking Shenzhen as an example, current pilot practice still faces several problems, including ambiguous standards for determining "honesty," insufficient flexibility in the discharge observation period, disputes over the legal effect of discharge, and inadequate protection of creditors' rights. To address these issues, it is necessary to formulate a list of non-dischargeable circumstances and introduce a fault-based allocation mechanism to refine the criteria for determining honesty; establish a flexible observation period to increase the adaptability of discharge conditions; clarify the legal effect of discharge; and strengthen creditors' procedural rights protection, thereby promoting the sound development of the personal bankruptcy discharge system.

Against the backdrop of higher education reform and development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, humanities laboratories specializing in ecological civilization and environmental governance are shifting from "instrumental platforms" to "innovative carriers." Taking provincial-level humanities laboratories as research objects, this paper analyzes the problems existing in their paradigm shift, path innovation and institutional guarantee, and identifies three core tensions: the cognitive tension between disciplinary logic and problem-oriented logic, the value tension between technological empowerment and humanistic persistence, and the institutional tension between short-term performance and long-term accumulation. The key to resolving these tensions lies in realizing a paradigm leap from "instrument-based" configuration to "institution-based" innovation, and further to "culture-based" ecology. Accordingly, the construction of laboratories should adhere to the orientation of "interdisciplinary integration, data-driven research, virtual-real integration and open sharing." By refining top-level design, innovating operational mechanisms, reforming evaluation systems and reinforcing conditional support, we can drive laboratories to evolve from "physical spaces" to "meaningful spaces" and from "experimental platforms" to "ecological spaces," so as to provide support for constructing an independent knowledge system of Chinese philosophy and social sciences.

With the accelerating global aging population, the prevalence of cognitive impairments, particularly Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, is rising steadily, giving rise to a substantial and rapidly expanding market for memory services. This review aims to systematically examine the core development trends, driving factors, innovative service models, and challenges within the memory services market in the context of the aging economy. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the entire industry chain, spanning early screening, diagnosis, non-pharmacological interventions, long-term care, and technological support. By integrating the latest business models, policy directions, and evolving consumer demands, this article explores future development trajectories and investment potential in the memory services sector. The insights offered herein are intended to support practitioners, policymakers, and researchers engaged in this critical field by delivering an in-depth understanding of current market dynamics and emerging opportunities.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has brought the issue of teacher digital competence into focus again, although it is possible to see that most of the frameworks list the skills and do not make any distinction between the tasks of teaching where AI applications are used. The research was based on six platforms provided to determine the expressions of five capabilities in which teachers were able to perform tasks. There were 12,861 records included in the analytic sample and they came from 300 source URLs. The highest capability expressions were efficiency (41.87%) and content development (34.76%). Positive associations of all five task areas were found in pedagogical assistance; the greatest estimates were made with classroom enactment and professional learning. Task-replacement language was less represented in classroom enactment and professional learning after multiplicity adjustment. The results confirm the competence model, which is task sensitive and is based on assessment of capability, orchestration of instruction, the verification of evaluation, mediation of the learner and inquiry of the profession. The corpus explains the expectations of discourse instead of the competence of teachers or effects of their instruction.

The 2026 Guidelines for the Registration of Data Property Rights place derived data within a unified framework for data property registration. Although derived data and data intellectual property rights overlap in subject matter, the former concerns the recognition and allocation of rights in processed data, while the latter concerns whether and how an intellectual contribution should receive legal protection. The overlap arises because both regimes often concern lawfully processed and value-enhanced datasets. Nevertheless, they answer different legal questions. Data property registration identifies interests in holding, using, and operating data and supports valuation and transactions. Data intellectual property rules concern whether the selection, arrangement, or processing of data embodies a sufficient intellectual contribution. The two systems should therefore be institutionally coordinated rather than merged. Treating the derived data framework as a substitute for the data intellectual property regime would therefore confuse value enhancement with intellectual creation, weaken the connection with copyright and international rules on data compilations, and risk treating routine processing as sufficient for data intellectual property protection.

Under the holistic physical education paradigm, which emphasizes systematicity, scientific rigor, and social integration, preschool physical education urgently needs to move beyond traditional extensive teaching approaches toward personalized, evidence-based, and systematic curricula. This study conceptualizes the closed-loop Diagnosis–Intervention–Development (DID) model and integrates digital intelligent technologies—including artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data—to establish a precision teaching framework for kindergarten physical education. The proposed model consists of three core components: motor ability diagnosis, dynamic intervention pathways, and developmental assessment. By incorporating motor diagnosis, exercise prescription, exercise intervention, and motor evaluation, it enables individualized curriculum implementation tailored to children's developmental characteristics, ultimately promoting the coordinated development of motor skills, physical fitness, and social competence. Empirical findings demonstrate that the DID model significantly improves children's motor proficiency rates, participation levels, and physical fitness qualification rates, while also showing positive developmental trends across other domains. The intervention effects are particularly evident in individual cases, providing a valuable paradigm for personalized research and practice in preschool physical education.

As brand communication shifts from a corporate-centred to a personality-centred approach, founders have increasingly become important brand representatives. However, existing endorsement research has largely focused on celebrities and key opinion leaders, with limited attention to founders and the psychological mechanisms underlying their endorsement effectiveness. Drawing on social identity theory and the trust transfer model, this study examines the effects of founder professionalism on consumer brand cognition and purchase intention, with core identity identification proposed as a mediator. Questionnaires were collected from 80 consumers and analyzed using manifest variable path analysis (MVPA). The results indicate that founder professionalism positively predicts brand cognition (β = 0.833, p < 0.001) and core identity identification (β = 0.607, p < 0.001). However, core identity identification does not significantly affect brand cognition (β = −0.078, p = 0.366), and its mediating effect is unsupported. Instead, core identity identification directly enhances purchase intention (β = 0.322, p < 0.001),while brand cognition also positively predicts purchase intention (β = 0.535, p < 0.001). These findings support a dual-path model: professionalism influences consumer responses in parallel via a cognitive path (Prof → BrandCog → BuyInt) and an emotional path (Prof → CoreID → BuyInt). Emotional identification directly drives purchasing behaviour without the mediation of brand cognition. This study provides theoretical and practical insights for refining the brand endorsement literature and managing corporate founder intellectual property.

In recent years, information technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data have achieved continuous development and gradually penetrated multiple areas of national governance, with legislative work also subject to the impacts of this trend. Compared with the traditional legislative model that mainly relies on manual processing of legal materials and social information, artificial intelligence can boost work efficiency in links including legal retrieval, drafting of regulatory drafts, filing and review, and legislative evaluation, while offering new possibilities for the digitalization of legislative work. Accordingly, AI-assisted legislation has gradually become a key research topic attracting attention from domestic legal academia in recent years. Centering on this issue, this paper sorts out the applications of artificial intelligence in the links of legislative preparation, legislation formulation and legislative implementation by combining relevant domestic research and local legislative practices in China, and analyzes its functions in raising legislative efficiency, supporting legislative decision-making and facilitating public participation. Meanwhile, this paper discusses practical dilemmas faced by artificial intelligence in legislative practices, covering data security, algorithm transparency, legal liability and ethical governance. This paper holds that the advancement of artificial intelligence provides new technical support for the modernization of China's legislation, yet it will not alter the basic principles governing legislative work. In the future, artificial intelligence shall remain positioned as an auxiliary tool for legislation. While giving full play to its technical strengths, we shall adhere to human-led governance, continuously refine relevant institutional and governance mechanisms, and ensure technological development always serves the construction of the rule of law.